Từ vựng và transcript bài nghe Microplastics - IELTS Cambridge 19 - Test 3 part 4
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Từ vựng
| Vocabulary/Phrase | Part of Speech | IPA Transcription | Vietnamese Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| microplastics | Noun (plural) | /ˌmaɪ.kroʊˈplæs.tɪks/ | Nhựa vi mô |
| tiny pieces | Noun Phrase | /ˈtaɪ.ni ˈpiː.sɪz/ | Những mảnh nhỏ |
| plastic waste | Noun Phrase | /ˈplæs.tɪk weɪst/ | Rác thải nhựa |
| widespread attention | Noun Phrase | /ˈwaɪd.spred əˈten.ʃn/ | Sự chú ý rộng rãi |
| freshwater | Noun | /ˈfreʃˌwɔː.tər/ | Nước ngọt |
| synthetic clothing | Noun Phrase | /sɪnˈθet.ɪk ˈkloʊ.ðɪŋ/ | Quần áo tổng hợp |
| washing machine | Noun Phrase | /ˈwɑː.ʃɪŋ məˈʃiːn/ | Máy giặt |
| water system | Noun Phrase | /ˈwɔː.tər ˈsɪs.təm/ | Hệ thống nước |
| break down | Verb Phrase | /breɪk daʊn/ | Phân hủy |
| factory waste | Noun Phrase | /ˈfæk.tər.i weɪst/ | Chất thải nhà máy |
| wear down | Verb Phrase | /weər daʊn/ | Mòn dần |
| harm | Verb | /hɑːrm/ | Gây hại |
| digestive system | Noun Phrase | /daɪˈdʒes.tɪv ˈsɪs.təm/ | Hệ tiêu hóa |
| consume | Verb | /kənˈsuːm/ | Tiêu thụ |
| bottled water | Noun Phrase | /ˈbɑː.tld ˈwɔː.tər/ | Nước đóng chai |
| conclusive proof | Noun Phrase | /kənˈkluː.sɪv pruːf/ | Bằng chứng thuyết phục |
| legislation | Noun | /ˌledʒ.ɪˈsleɪ.ʃn/ | Luật pháp |
| microbeads | Noun (plural) | /ˈmaɪ.kroʊˌbiːdz/ | Hạt vi nhựa |
| shower gels | Noun Phrase (plural) | /ˈʃaʊ.ər dʒels/ | Gel tắm |
| facial cleansers | Noun Phrase (plural) | /ˈfeɪ.ʃl ˈklen.zərz/ | Sữa rửa mặt |
| toothpaste | Noun | /ˈtuːθ.peɪst/ | Kem đánh răng |
| accurately estimate | Verb Phrase | /ˈæk.jə.rət.li ˈes.tɪ.meɪt/ | Ước lượng chính xác |
| carried in the air | Verb Phrase | /ˈkær.id ɪn ði er/ | Được mang trong không khí |
| fertilisers | Noun (plural) | /ˈfɜːr.təl.aɪ.zərz/ | Phân bón |
| digestive tracts | Noun Phrase (plural) | /daɪˈdʒes.tɪv trækts/ | Đường tiêu hóa |
| earthworms | Noun (plural) | /ˈɜːrθ.wɜːrmz/ | Giun đất |
| topsoil | Noun | /ˈtɑːp.sɔɪl/ | Lớp đất mặt |
| agricultural system | Noun Phrase | /ˌæɡ.rɪˈkʌl.tʃər.əl ˈsɪs.təm/ | Hệ thống nông nghiệp |
| mix nutrients | Verb Phrase | /mɪks ˈnuː.tri.ənts/ | Trộn chất dinh dưỡng |
| more fertile | Adjective Phrase | /mɔːr ˈfɜːr.taɪl/ | Màu mỡ hơn |
| plant growth | Noun Phrase | /plænt ɡroʊθ/ | Sự phát triển của cây |
| biodegradable | Adjective | /ˌbaɪ.oʊ.dɪˈɡreɪ.də.bəl/ | Có thể phân hủy sinh học |
| conventional | Adjective | /kənˈven.ʃən.əl/ | Thông thường |
| high-density polyethylene | Noun Phrase | /ˌhaɪ ˈden.sə.ti ˌpɑː.liˈeθ.əl.iːn/ | Polyethylene mật độ cao |
| lost weight | Verb Phrase | /lɒst weɪt/ | Mất cân nặng |
| germinated | Verb (past tense) | /ˈdʒɜːr.mə.neɪ.tɪd/ | Đã nảy mầm |
| fulfil their role | Verb Phrase | /fʊlˈfɪl ðeər roʊl/ | Thực hiện vai trò của chúng |
| increase in the amount | Noun Phrase | /ɪnˈkriːs ɪn ði əˈmaʊnt/ | Sự gia tăng về số lượng |
| attributed | Verb (past tense) | /əˈtrɪb.juː.tɪd/ | Được quy cho |
| interesting reading | Noun Phrase | /ˈɪn.trəs.tɪŋ ˈriː.dɪŋ/ | Tài liệu đọc thú vị |
| regard | Verb | /rɪˈɡɑːrd/ | Coi như |
| decaying | Adjective | /dɪˈkeɪ.ɪŋ/ | Đang phân hủy |
| dead matter | Noun Phrase | /ded ˈmæt.ər/ | Chất hữu cơ chết |
| impoverished | Adjective | /ɪmˈpɑːv.ər.ɪʃt/ | Nghèo nàn |
| negatively impacted | Verb Phrase | /ˈneɡ.ə.tɪv.li ˈɪm.pæk.tɪd/ | Bị ảnh hưởng tiêu cực |
Transcript
In today’s lecture, I’m going to be talking about microplastics.
Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic smaller than five millimetres in size. Recently there’s been a greater awareness that there are large quantities of plastic waste – big and small – in the environment. The amount of plastic waste in the oceans has received widespread attention, but far less is known about the effects of microplastics in freshwater and particularly in soil.
Microplastics can enter the environment via a number of different sources. Threads and microfibres detach from synthetic clothing every time they’re put in a washing machine, and these find their way into the water system. Other sources include big pieces of plastic waste that are already in the environment, and these break down into microscopic particles over a period of time. On a larger scale, factory waste is another route, as are tyres which wear down as cars, lorries and so on travel along road surfaces.
We already understand some of the impacts of microplastics from studies involving fish and other animals. There is evidence that microplastics harm small creatures in a variety of ways, such as by damaging their mouths, or by impairing their ability to feed, for example when microplastics get lodged in their digestive system.
Surprisingly perhaps, it is likely that humans consume microplastics, as these have been detected in a wide range of food and drink products, including bottled water, as well as in water that comes direct from the tap. What’s more, salt and many kinds of seafood have also been found to contain microplastics.
However, it’s important to underline that there is not yet conclusive proof that microplastics cause significant harm to people. In many countries, including here in the UK, there is legislation which prevents manufacturers from adding plastic microbeads to shower gels, facial cleansers and toothpaste.
It is very difficult to accurately estimate the total amount of microplastic particles in the soil as they can be hard to detect, but we do know they are carried in the air and deposited in the soil by rain. What’s more, many of the fertilisers used by both farmers and gardeners contain microplastics.
A team from the Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge has carried out a study of the effects of microplastics on the digestive tracts of earthworms. These worms, which live in topsoil, are an essential component of our agricultural system. By feeding on soil, they mix nutrients into it, thereby making it more fertile.
The researchers set out to discover whether the introduction of microplastics into the soil – and the subsequent ingestion of these by earthworms – would impact soil quality and ultimately inhibit plant growth. The short answer was, yes, it did. After placing three different types of microplastic particles into the soil, they planted perennial rye grass. The particles of microplastic, which included biodegradable PLA and conventional high-density polyethylene, or HDPE, were then ingested by the earthworms in the soil. The result was that the worms lost weight rapidly. What’s more, a lower percentage than normal of the rye grass seeds germinated, and the researchers concluded that this was a direct result of the earthworms being unable to fulfil their normal role in making soil more fertile. The team also discovered that there was an increase in the amount of acid found in the soil, and this was attributed mainly to the microplastic particles from conventional HDPE plastic.
The conclusions of the study make for very interesting reading – I’ve included the reference in the notes to give you at the end of this session. To summarise, the authors propose the idea that we need to regard soil as we would regard any other process in nature. This means we should accept the implications of soil being dependent on decaying and dead matter constantly being passed through the bodies of earthworms. That is, when soil becomes impoverished by the presence of microplastics, not only ecosystems but also the whole of society are negatively impacted.