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Từ vựng và transcript bài nghe Tree planting - IELTS Cambridge 19 - Test 4 part 4

Từ vựng

Vocabulary/PhrasePart of SpeechIPA TranscriptionVietnamese Meaning
reforestationNoun/ˌriː.fɒr.ɪˈsteɪ.ʃən/Sự tái trồng rừng
tree-plantingNoun (compound)/ˈtriː ˌplæn.tɪŋ/Việc trồng cây
genetic diversityNoun (phrase)/dʒəˈnet.ɪk daɪˈvɜːr.sɪ.ti/Đa dạng di truyền
resilienceNoun/rɪˈzɪl.i.əns/Khả năng phục hồi
climate changeNoun (phrase)/ˈklaɪ.mət tʃeɪndʒ/Biến đổi khí hậu
non-forestedAdjective/ˌnɒnˈfɒr.ɪst.ɪd/Không có rừng
ecosystemsNoun/ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təmz/Hệ sinh thái
carbon captureNoun (phrase)/ˈkɑːr.bən ˈkæp.tʃər/Hấp thụ carbon
invasive speciesNoun (phrase)/ɪnˈveɪ.sɪv ˈspiː.ʃiːz/Loài xâm lấn
biodiversityNoun/ˌbaɪ.oʊ.daɪˈvɜːr.sɪ.ti/Đa dạng sinh học
native speciesNoun (phrase)/ˈneɪ.tɪv ˈspiː.ʃiːz/Loài bản địa
drone technologyNoun (phrase)/drəʊn tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/Công nghệ máy bay không người lái
keystone speciesNoun (phrase)/ˈkiː.stəʊn ˈspiː.ʃiːz/Loài chủ chốt
natural seed dispersersNoun (phrase)/ˈnætʃ.ər.əl siːd dɪˈspɜːr.sərz/Các tác nhân phát tán hạt tự nhiên
wildlife populationsNoun (phrase)/ˈwaɪld.laɪf ˌpɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃənz/Quần thể động vật hoang dã
tropical reforestationNoun (phrase)/ˈtrɒp.ɪ.kəl ˌriː.fɒr.ɪˈsteɪ.ʃən/Tái trồng rừng nhiệt đới
local communitiesNoun (phrase)/ˈləʊ.kəl kəˈmjuː.nɪ.tiz/Cộng đồng địa phương
mangrove forestsNoun (phrase)/ˈmæŋ.ɡrəʊv ˈfɒr.ɪsts/Rừng ngập mặn
aquatic ecosystemNoun (phrase)/əˈkwæt.ɪk ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm/Hệ sinh thái thủy sinh
illegal loggingNoun (phrase)/ɪˈliː.ɡəl ˈlɒɡ.ɪŋ/Khai thác gỗ bất hợp pháp

Transcript

Tree planting now dominates political and popular agendas and is often presented as an easy answer to the climate crisis, as well as a way for business corporations to offset their carbon emissions. But unfortunately, tree planting isn't as straightforward as some people think. When the wrong trees are planted in the wrong place, it can do considerably more damage than good, failing to help either people or the environment.

Reforestation projects are currently being undertaken on a huge scale in many countries and it's crucial that the right trees are selected. A mix of species should always be planted, typical of the local natural forest ecosystem and including rare and endangered species in order to create a rich ecosystem. It's important to avoid non-native species that could become invasive. Invasive species are a significant contributor to the current global biodiversity crisis and are often in competition with native species and may threaten their long-term survival.

Restoring biodiversity that will maximise carbon capture is key when reforesting an area, but ideally any reforestation project should have several goals. These could include selecting trees that can contribute to wildlife conservation, improve the availability of food for the local community and maintain the stability of soil systems. Meeting as many of these goals as possible, whilst doing no harm to local communities, native ecosystems and vulnerable species, is the sign of a highly successful tree-planting scheme. To ensure the survival and resilience of a planted forest, it's vital to use tree seeds with appropriate levels of genetic diversity: the amount of genetic variation found within a species essential for their survival. Using seeds with low genetic diversity generally lowers the resilience of restored forests, which can make them vulnerable to disease and unable to adapt to climate change.

Choosing the right location for reforestation projects is as important as choosing the right trees. Ultimately, the best area for planting trees would be in formerly forested areas that are in poor condition. It's better to avoid non-forested landscapes such as natural grasslands, savannas or wetlands as these ecosystems already contribute greatly to capturing carbon. It would also be advantageous to choose an area where trees could provide other benefits, such as recreational spaces. Reforesting areas which are currently exploited for agriculture should be avoided as this often leads to other areas being deforested.

Large-scale reforestation projects require careful planning. Making the right decisions about where to plant trees depends on having the right information. Having detailed and up-to-date maps identifying high-priority areas for intervention is essential. Drone technology is a useful tool in helping to prioritise and monitor areas of degraded forest for restoration. In Brazil, it's being used to identify and quantify how parts of the Amazon are being devastated by human activities such as rearing cattle and illegal logging.

A good example of where the right trees were picked to achieve a restored forest is in Lampang Province in Northern Thailand. A previously forested site which had been degraded through mining was reforested by a cement company together with Chiang Mai University. After spreading 60 cm of topsoil, they planted 14 different native tree species which included several species of fig. Figs are a keystone species because of the critical role they play in maintaining wildlife populations. They are central to tropical reforestation projects as they accelerate the speed of the recovery process by attracting animals and birds which act as natural seed dispersers. This helps to promote diversity through the healthy regrowth of a wide range of plant species. Unlike the majority of fruit trees, figs bear fruit all year round, providing a reliable food source for many species. At this site, for example, after only three rainy seasons, monkeys started visiting to eat the figs, naturally dispersing seeds through defecation.

Reforestation projects should always aim to make sure that local communities are consulted and involved in the decision-making process.

The restoration of mangrove forests in Madagascar is an example of a project which has succeeded in creating real benefits for the community. Destruction of the mangrove forests had a terrible impact on plant and animal life, and also badly affected the fishing industry, which was a major source of employment for local people living in coastal areas. The reforestation project involved hiring local people to plant and care for the new mangrove trees. Millions of mangrove trees have now been planted which has resulted in the return of a healthy aquatic ecosystem. The mangroves also act as a defense against the increased threat of flooding caused by climate change. What's more, the local economy is more stable and thousands more Madagascans are now able to send their children to school.

One other important point to consider ...