IELTS Reading Test 5 section 4 - IELTS Simulation Test - Bài dịch A talk on hydroelectric power IELTS listening
A talk on hydroelectric power IELTS listening
Welcome to our series on renewable resources. The topic today is hydropower. As you most probably know, 'hydro' means water - so we are talking about using water to generate electricity. Of course, there are many ways to generate electricity but hydropower is important to the community, firstly and obviously, because it's renewable. The earth's hydrologic cycle of constant evaporation and transpiration provides a continual supply of water from rainfall and snowmelt. The second point to consider is its efficiency.
Chào mừng bạn đến với loạt bài về tài nguyên tái tạo của chúng tôi. Chủ đề hôm nay là thủy điện. Như bạn có thể biết, 'thủy điện' có nghĩa là nước - vì vậy chúng ta đang nói về việc sử dụng nước để tạo ra điện. Tất nhiên, có nhiều cách để tạo ra điện nhưng thủy điện rất quan trọng đối với cộng đồng, trước hết và rõ ràng là vì nó có thể tái tạo. Chu trình thủy văn liên tục bốc hơi và thoát hơi nước của trái đất cung cấp nguồn nước liên tục từ lượng mưa và tuyết tan. Điểm thứ hai cần xem xét là hiệu quả của nó.
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Hydropower plants are able to convert approximately 90% of the energy from the falling water into electric energy whereas many fossil-fuelled plants lose more than half of the energy content of their fuel by way of waste heat and gases. For this reason they are very efficient.
Hydropower is also clean. It doesn't emit harmful gases that contribute to air pollution, acid rain, and global warming. No trucks, trains or pipelines are needed to bring fuel to the site and there's no noise pollution either. Furthermore, hydropower plant machinery is fairly simple and runs at slow speeds, which makes it reliable and durable. And, hydropower units are flexible also - they have the ability to start quickly and adjust rapidly to changes in demand for electricity, thus enabling them to meet peak loads. But this also allows them to serve as reserve capacity and bring more stability to the power system overall.
The dams that provide hydroelectric power also have other uses such as navigation, flood damage reduction, water supply, recreation, irrigation and low flow augmentation but it's not the purpose of this talk to go into those details.
How do the hydropower plants work? Well, a dam is built across a river which captures water to form a reservoir and raises the water level to create 'head'. Think of 'head' as the vertical distance that the water falls as it passes through the dam, in other words, the difference in water level between the reservoir behind the dam and the river below. Water from the reservoir flows through an intake gate into a penstock - this is kind of a narrow channel which leads to the turbine below. The force of the water causes the turbine to rotate rapidly which, in turn, drives the generator to spin and produce electricity. The electricity is carried the long distances from the powerhouse to substations on the outskirts of cities via power lines.
Can you build a hydropower unit on any river? Well, no, just having water in a river isn't enough. A good dam site must have enough stream flow as well as enough head. A fast flowing river on the plains is probably not suitable because a dam couldn't be built high enough to provide the head needed for efficient production of electricity. On the other hand, dams in arid high country may have plenty of head but insufficient stream flow. The perfect spot for a hydropower plant is where the right combination of stream flow and head exists.
What about the environment? Surely the construction of large dams has an environmental impact? Well, yes it does. Certainly dams and reservoirs are built to improve the lives of people living in towns, farming communities and cities. But there must be a balance between development and preserving the natural environment. Needless to say, the natural river environment is changed which leads to changes in river ecology and aquatic habitat. Sometimes, for example, dissolved oxygen levels below darns get so low in summer that there is a negative impact on aquatic life. These levels can be improved, however, by using special aerating turbines and/or injecting oxygen directly into the stream flow. In order to protect and improve the habitat for endangered and other species of birds, fish and water life, there needs to be a thorough review of operating plans to see if a better balance can be achieved.
Hydropower plant design and operation must not only meet the needs of consumers for electricity but work hand-in-hand with agencies whose concern is for the fish and wildlife, water quality and water supply.
Câu hỏi A talk on hydroelectric power
Questions 31-35
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Hydropower
- Renewable—constant source of 31 ................... from natural hydrologic cycle
- 32 ...................—90% of hydro energy → electricity
- Clean—no air or 33 ................... pollution
- 34 ................... & durable—simple to operate
- Flexible—can start & adapt quickly to meet demand → leads to 35 ................... of power supply
Questions 36-38
Label the diagram below.
Write no more than TWO WORDS for each answer.
Questions 39 and 40
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
39 To be effective, hydroelectric dams should be built across rivers with both sufficient head and .................... .
40 There needs to be a balance between the needs of .................... living in developed environments and the preservation of natural habitat.
Đáp án
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SECTION 4, Questions 31-40
31. water
32. efficient
33. noise
34. reliable
35. stability
36. intake (gate)
37. generator
38. power lines
39. stream flow
40. consumers/people